All about Native American Village Dog dog breed

All You Need to Know About the Native American Village Dog Breed

The average Native American Village Dog weight is between 30-60 pounds for adults. Here’s a breakdown of the typical weight range and variation:* Males: Generally weigh 40-60 pounds, showcasing the heavier end of the breed's size.* Females: Typically range from 30-50 pounds, often slightly lighter than their male counterparts.This makes them a medium-sized dog, and maintaining a healthy weight for Native American Village Dog is crucial for their well-being. Their average size allows them to be agile and sturdy.

Native American Village Dog Height: How Tall Are They?

• Gender Differences: Generally, male Native American Village Dogs may lean towards the higher end of the range, often measuring 20 to 24 inches tall. Females are usually slightly smaller, typically ranging from 18 to 22 inches at the shoulder. However, these are averages, and individual dogs can vary!
• Individual Genetics & Lineage: Since "Native American Village Dog" encompasses a diverse lineage of landrace dogs, there isn't a single, strictly defined standard. Their height can be influenced by the specific ancestral lines they come from. Some village dogs may be a bit shorter or taller than the average, depending on their unique genetic makeup.
• Nutrition & Environment: Proper nutrition during growth and a healthy environment also play a role in a dog reaching its full genetic height potential.

The Native American Village Dog colors are diverse, reflecting their ancient and unrefined lineage. They commonly come in a range of natural and earthy tones, though they are not recognized by major kennel clubs like the AKC as a distinct breed, meaning there are no "officially recognized" colors in that context. However, the most prevalent and accepted colorations within the breed's community include brindle, fawn, cream, and white. You will also frequently see them in shades of black, tan, sable, and red. Less common, but still occurring naturally, are grey and liver. Rare coat types and exotic Native American Village Dog variations like blue, lilac, merle, and chocolate are extremely rare, if they appear at all, and would typically indicate outcrossing with other breeds rather than being inherent to the pure Village Dog. These exotic variations are not inherent to the traditional Village Dog genetic pool and would not be considered standard for the breed. For those seeking a purebred Native American Village Dog, the natural, unadulterated colors are most representative of their heritage.

Native American Village Dog Personality & TemperamentThe Native American Village Dog temperament is characterized by a blend of independence and loyalty, reflecting their ancient origins as free-ranging companions. They are generally intelligent, resourceful, and possess a calm, observant demeanor.Friendliness & Loyalty: These dogs are loyal to their families, forming strong bonds and often displaying an affectionate nature with those they trust. While sometimes initially reserved with strangers, they are not typically aggressive and can be friendly once they've assessed a new person. Their loyalty makes them excellent companions.Sociability: Native American Village Dogs are generally sociable with other dogs, often having learned to coexist peacefully in a pack-like structure. Early socialization is crucial to ensure they are well-adjusted to various situations and individuals.Adaptability to Apartment Living: While adaptable, their heritage as free-roaming dogs means they appreciate space. They can adapt to apartment living if provided with sufficient daily exercise, mental stimulation, and regular outdoor access. However, a home with a yard is often preferred to allow them to explore and expend energy naturally.Behavior with Children: When properly socialized and raised with children, Native American Village Dogs can be gentle and patient companions. Their calm nature can make them good family dogs, but as with any breed, supervision with very young children is always recommended.Behavior with Other Pets: Their pack instincts generally mean they can coexist well with other dogs. Their prey drive can vary, so introductions to smaller pets like cats or rabbits should be done carefully and with supervision, especially if they haven't been raised together. With proper introductions, many Native American Village Dogs can live harmoniously with other household animals.Overall, the Native American Village Dog personality is one of an intelligent, adaptable, and loyal companion who thrives on companionship and a consistent, loving environment.

Native American Village Dog Temperament: A Loving and Adaptable CompanionThe Native American Village Dog temperament is generally characterized by a wonderful balance of independence and affectionate loyalty, making them excellent companion dogs. They are typically friendly and sociable, often greeting new people with curiosity rather than fear, though individual personalities can vary.These dogs are known for their strong bond with their human families, displaying deep loyalty. They can be quite adaptable, and with proper exercise and mental stimulation, some may even thrive in apartment living, though a home with a yard is often preferred for their natural inclination to explore.Regarding behavior with children and other pets, Native American Village Dogs are often gentle and patient, especially when raised with them from a young age. Early socialization is key to ensuring positive interactions. They are intelligent and generally eager to please, but can sometimes exhibit a touch of stubbornness, requiring consistent and positive reinforcement training. They are also known for their sensitivity and respond best to gentle handling and a calm environment. Overall, these dogs are resilient, loving, and make devoted family members for those seeking a unique and emotionally intelligent canine companion.

Native American Village Dog Care: Daily Maintenance & Health TipsCaring for a Native American Village Dog involves straightforward, consistent attention to their unique needs. As a low-energy dog breed, they require moderate daily exercise; a brisk walk or playtime in a secure yard is usually sufficient to keep them healthy and engaged. Avoid strenuous activity, especially in warm weather, due to their brachycephalic anatomy, which makes them sensitive to heat.Grooming needs are minimal for their short coat. A weekly brush helps remove loose hair and promotes coat health. Wrinkle and ear cleaning are essential to prevent infections. Their facial folds should be cleaned daily with a damp cloth and thoroughly dried to prevent skin irritation and bacterial growth. Their ears should be checked weekly and cleaned with a vet-approved solution if needed.Dietary considerations are crucial for this breed. They are prone to weight management issues, so a high-quality, balanced diet fed in controlled portions is vital. Avoid overfeeding and limit treats. Consult your veterinarian for specific dietary recommendations.Due to their brachycephalic structure, climate sensitivity is a major concern. They are not suited for extreme temperatures. Keep them cool in summer with air conditioning and avoid outdoor activities during the hottest parts of the day. In winter, ensure they are warm and protected from the cold.Common health tips for Native American Village Dog include vigilance for skin issues (especially in their wrinkles), regular dental care (daily brushing is ideal to prevent plaque buildup and gum disease), and proactive weight management. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor for potential health concerns and maintain their overall well-being. Understanding how to care for a Native American Village Dog ensures a happy, healthy companion.

The Native American Village Dog activity level is moderate. They are known for their ability to balance short bursts of energy with long periods of rest, reflecting their ancestral village life. Their exercise needs are adaptable; a couple of brisk daily walks totaling 30-60 minutes are generally sufficient to keep them happy and healthy. They enjoy playtime, often engaging in spontaneous zoomies or interactive games. It's important to note their brachycephalic (short-nosed) anatomy limits their strenuous activity, especially in warm or humid weather. Overheating is a serious concern, so extended, vigorous exercise should be avoided. They are not built for long-distance running or intense athletic endeavors.How active are Native American Village Dog? They are not hyperactive but thrive on mental stimulation and regular, moderate physical activity. They can be suitable for active families who understand their limitations and prefer walks, playtime, and mental enrichment over intense sports. However, their adaptable nature also makes them a good fit for low-energy households that can provide consistent, moderate exercise and plenty of indoor enrichment. They value comfort and rest as much as play, making them a balanced companion.

I would rate the "Size" trait of the Native American Village Dog as a 6.This breed is generally considered a medium-sized dog. They typically stand between 18 to 24 inches tall at the shoulder and weigh anywhere from 30 to 55 pounds, though there can be some variation depending on the specific lineage and individual. Their body structure is athletic and well-proportioned, not overly bulky but with good bone and muscle. Compared to very small companion dogs like Chihuahuas (1-2) or even Beagles (4), they are significantly larger. However, they don't reach the giant proportions of breeds like Great Danes (9-10) or even Golden Retrievers (7-8). This makes them a versatile size, too large for the smallest apartments without significant outdoor exercise, but not so large that they overwhelm most standard homes. While they could travel in a car, their size might make airline cabin travel challenging or impossible depending on the carrier's specific rules. They are best suited for households with at least moderate space, such as homes with yards or owners committed to providing ample outdoor exercise and mental stimulation to compensate for smaller indoor living areas. Their adaptable nature, however, means they can thrive in various settings as long as their needs are met.

I would rate the grooming requirements of the Native American Village Dog (NAVD) as a 2 out of 10.The NAVD is an extremely low-maintenance breed when it comes to grooming, designed by nature for self-sufficiency. They typically possess a short to medium-length double coat that is incredibly weather-resistant and sheds moderately, often in seasonal "blows" rather than constant heavy shedding. This coat is designed to be largely self-cleaning and doesn't readily mat or tangle, requiring only occasional brushing to remove loose hair and keep it healthy. They generally have no problematic skin folds, and their ears are typically pricked or semi-pricked, which allows for good air circulation and reduces the likelihood of ear infections, meaning minimal ear cleaning is usually needed. Their nails are strong and tend to wear down naturally with their active lifestyle, though occasional trimming may be required. Bathing is rarely necessary, as their coats naturally repel dirt and odors, and frequent bathing can strip their natural oils. They are also known for their robust health and are not typically prone to the skin issues or allergies that plague many other domesticated breeds. Compared to most companion dogs, the NAVD is remarkably easy to care for, requiring minimal intervention and no specialized grooming.

I would rate the Exercise Requirements of the Native American Village Dog (NAVD) at a 7.This rating reflects their moderate to high energy levels and historical role. NAVDs, being descendants of ancient village dogs, were not typically bred for highly specialized tasks like continuous hunting over vast distances or extreme herding, but rather for general utility and a degree of self-sufficiency. This means they are athletic, agile, and possess significant stamina, but aren't perpetually wired like some working breeds. They thrive with regular, varied exercise that goes beyond a simple walk around the block. Daily activity should include at least an hour to an hour and a half of dedicated exercise, which could encompass brisk walks, jogging, hiking, extended playtime in a secure area, or even moderate-intensity agility training. Their intelligence also means they benefit greatly from mentally stimulating activities that incorporate physical movement, like scent work or puzzle toys. They are not brachycephalic, so they don't have respiratory limitations in that regard, allowing them to engage in sustained movement without undue stress. While they can adapt to a slightly less active day occasionally, consistent under-stimulation, both physical and mental, will likely lead to boredom, destructive behaviors, or anxiety. They are built for movement and benefit from structured routines that allow them to expend their energy and engage their minds to stay healthy and well-adjusted.

I would rate the Native American Village Dog's watchdog ability at a 7 out of 10.These dogs, having descended from a long line of free-ranging village dogs, possess an inherent alertness and awareness of their surroundings crucial for survival. They are generally keen observers and will often react to unfamiliar sounds or approaching individuals with a distinct, often deep, bark. This barking is typically not excessive or nuisance barking but serves as a clear warning signal. Their territorial instincts, while not as pronounced as some dedicated guard breeds, are certainly present enough to make them notice and voice an opinion about anything out of the ordinary entering their perceived space. They are unlikely to be a passive companion in the face of an unfamiliar presence; rather, their natural wariness will prompt them to investigate and alert their human family. While they might not be the kind of dog to physically engage an intruder, their consistent and reliable early warnings make them a valuable deterrent and an excellent "first line of defense" in a home environment.

I would rate the "Good with Other Dogs" trait of the Native American Village Dog (NAVD) as a 7 out of 10.NAVDs generally exhibit a moderate to high level of compatibility with other dogs, leaning towards the more sociable end of the spectrum. Their historical role within villages often meant coexisting in loosely structured groups, leading to an inherent adaptability to canine company. They are typically not prone to unprovoked aggression and can often integrate well into multi-dog households with proper introductions.However, the "village dog" designation means there's a wider range of individual temperaments compared to highly specialized breeds. While many are naturally affable, some may display a degree of reserve or independence, especially with unfamiliar dogs. Their natural instinct to assess and observe can mean they aren't always immediately effusive in greeting. Compatibility with dogs of different sizes and energy levels is generally good, as they tend to match the energy of their companions rather than instigate conflict.Socialization needs, like with any dog, are important. While not inherently problematic, early positive experiences with various dogs will help reinforce their natural inclinations towards peaceful coexistence. They are generally not overtly dominant, but can stand their ground if challenged, relying more on communication and avoidance than direct confrontation. They thrive in environments where canine interactions are managed but not overly restricted, appreciating the company of their own kind without necessarily needing constant, intense play. Careful introductions are always recommended, as with any dog, but once a connection is made, they tend to be reliable and respectful companions.

The Native American Village Dog (NAVD) would rate a 7 on the "Energetic" scale.While not an extreme "off-the-walls" breed like some working or herding dogs, the NAVD is definitely on the more active side compared to many companion breeds. They possess a natural athleticism and surprising endurance, a testament to their heritage as free-roaming dogs. Their typical activity level is moderate to high; they enjoy long walks, hikes, and can happily participate in various outdoor activities. Playfulness is a common trait, and they thrive on regular physical stimulation through games and exploration. They aren't typically "couch potatoes" and will become restless if their exercise needs aren't met.However, it's crucial to consider their brachycephalic anatomy. While individual dogs will vary, their flattened face can limit their stamina and exercise tolerance, especially in hot or humid weather. They may struggle with intense, prolonged activity that would be easy for a dolichocephalic (long-nosed) breed. Owners must be mindful of this limitation, avoiding overexertion and providing ample breaks. So, while their intrinsic drive is to be active, their physical structure places a moderate ceiling on the intensity and duration of that activity, preventing them from reaching the highest energy ratings. They are naturally active and enjoy being on the go, but responsible ownership means understanding and respecting the impact of their brachycephalic traits on their ability to sustain high-energy output.

I'd rate the "Training Requirements" of the Native American Village Dog (NAVD) at a 7.While intelligent and capable of learning, the NAVD is not a breed for the faint of heart or the inexperienced. Their strong prey drive, independent nature, and deeply ingrained self-preservation instincts often translate to a higher degree of stubbornness and a shorter attention span, particularly when faced with repetitive or uninteresting tasks. They are highly responsive to positive reinforcement and bond deeply with their owners, but this bond needs to be built on trust and consistent, clear communication. They aren't inherently "eager to please" in the way some retriever breeds are; they need to understand the "why" behind the command and often require more motivation than simple praise. Consistency is paramount, and any slack in the routine or training can be quickly exploited. This breed is definitely not beginner-friendly and thrives with an experienced handler who can provide structured routines, firm but fair leadership, and a deep understanding of canine behavior, particularly for a primitive breed. While highly rewarding to train, it demands significant time, patience, and a proactive approach to socialization and ongoing mental stimulation.

I'd rate the "Playful" trait of the Native American Village Dog (NAVD) at a 7 out of 10.While not typically as boisterous or "in your face" playful as some hyper-energetic breeds like a Border Collie or a Jack Russell Terrier, the NAVD is far from a couch potato. They generally possess a natural, albeit often independent, spirit that manifests as a love for games and interaction, especially with their trusted family members. They are intelligent and enjoy mental stimulation, which can translate into engaging in puzzle toys or learning new tricks. Their attention-seeking behavior is usually more subtle; they might bring a toy to you or nudge your hand rather than demand play with insistent barking or pawing. They respond well to playtime, particularly if it involves activities that mimic their natural instincts, like "hunting" for hidden treats or a game of fetch. In daily life, their enthusiasm often surfaces in their keen observation of their surroundings and their willingness to explore, and they can be quite comical and endearing in their less structured moments of play. They are naturally spirited but often choose their moments for full-blown antics, making them more laid-back than some high-octane companion dogs but still very much engaged and fun-loving.

I would rate the "Affectionate" trait of the Native American Village Dog (NAVD) as a 7 out of 10.While not typically a "velcro dog" in the same vein as some dedicated lap breeds, the NAVD exhibits a deep and enduring loyalty to its human family. They possess a strong desire for companionship, often choosing to be in the same room as their owners, following them from one activity to the next without necessarily demanding constant interaction. Physical closeness, such as leaning or gentle head nudges, is common, and many NAVDs will enjoy a good cuddle session, especially when initiated by their person. They are generally sensitive to owner emotions, offering comfort or space as needed, and their loyalty is unwavering. Compared to some more overtly clingy companion dogs, the NAVD is more independent in the sense that they are content to simply *be* with you, rather than *on* you, for extended periods. However, they absolutely thrive on the affection and attention they receive, fostering a strong bond that is both respectful and deeply loving. Their independence often manifests as a quiet confidence rather than emotional distance.

Rating: 7/10The Native American Village Dog (NAVD) typically rates a 7 out of 10 for "Good with Other Pets." These dogs, while varying due to their landrace nature, generally possess a moderate to high social intelligence and adaptability that allows them to integrate into multi-pet households, often with appropriate training and socialization.Their typical behavior around other dogs can range from accepting to quite playful, especially if socialized from a young age. Many NAVDs exhibit a natural pack mentality, which can translate to getting along well with other canines once a hierarchy is established or if they perceive the other dog as part of their "pack." However, without proper introductions and continued socialization, some individuals might display initial caution or a desire to assert dominance, as is common with many dog breeds.Their prey drive is generally moderate. While they are intelligent and capable hunters by nature (a trait developed through generations of independent foraging), this drive is often directed towards smaller, wild prey rather than household cats or other small pets. With early exposure and positive reinforcement, many NAVDs can learn to coexist peacefully with cats, often viewing them as part of the household rather than prey. However, a strong individual prey drive could necessitate careful supervision, especially with very small or timid household pets.Resource guarding tendencies can vary, but like many intelligent and self-sufficient breeds, some NAVDs may exhibit this trait if not addressed through early training and management. This is less about inherent aggression towards other pets and more about protecting perceived valuable resources (food, toys, preferred resting spots). Consistent training and ensuring all pets have their own safe spaces and resources can effectively mitigate this.Socialization needs are crucial for NAVDs in multi-pet households. While generally adaptable, consistent exposure to a variety of animals, people, and environments from puppyhood is essential to foster well-adjusted and pet-friendly behavior. This helps them learn appropriate social cues and reduces the likelihood of fear-based or territorial reactions.In summary, the Native American Village Dog is not inherently incompatible with other pets, but rather, their success in a multi-pet household largely depends on thoughtful ownership. They are generally sociable and adaptable, but effective training, early socialization, and consistent management are key to ensuring they coexist peacefully and harmoniously with other animals. They are more likely to thrive in such environments with proactive guidance rather than being naturally born "extreme pet-friendly" in all circumstances.

Rating: 7Explanation: The Native American Village Dog generally rates a 7 for "Good with Children." While not inherently bred as a nanny dog, their foundational characteristics often lend themselves to a positive relationship with children, particularly with proper socialization and guidance. They are known for being observant and intelligent, often developing a keen understanding of household dynamics. Their tolerance for noise and handling can vary, but many possess a patient and adaptable nature, especially if exposed to children from a young age. They are often playful and can enjoy engaging with children, though their play style might be more robust than delicate, requiring supervision to ensure both dog and child understand boundaries. They are typically not naturally aggressive and are more likely to retreat if uncomfortable, but early training and consistent positive reinforcement are crucial to ensure they are comfortable with the unpredictable nature of children. They thrive in a family setting where they are seen as part of the pack and their needs for exercise and mental stimulation are met, which in turn contributes to a more calm and tolerant disposition around children. While not always naturally gentle, their loyalty and intelligence make them highly trainable and capable of becoming affectionate and patient companions with the right guidance.

I would rate the "Good with Strangers" trait of the Native American Village Dog (NAVD) as a 7.The NAVD is generally a naturally observant and sometimes reserved dog, rather than immediately effusively welcoming. They are intelligent and often form strong bonds with their families, but their historical role as village guardians meant they needed to be aware of and sometimes wary of outsiders. This isn't to say they are unfriendly; rather, they are typically polite and assess new people before fully engaging. Once they've determined a stranger is not a threat, they can be quite accepting and even friendly. Early and consistent socialization is crucial for NAVDs to be comfortable and confident in public or guest-filled environments. Without it, some may lean towards being more reserved or bark to alert their owners, though aggressive behavior is uncommon. They are adaptable and, with proper exposure, can learn to enjoy new people, but their default isn't usually an "everyone is my best friend" attitude; it's more of a discerning watchfulness that can blossom into warmth.

The Native American Village Dog (NAVD) would likely rate a 9 for winter tolerance. These dogs are descendants of ancient North American canids, shaped by natural selection in environments that often included harsh winters. Their dense double coat, a defining characteristic, provides exceptional insulation against cold temperatures, effectively trapping warm air and repelling snow and moisture. They generally possess a lean, athletic build with moderate body fat, which, while not as insulating as the fat of an Arctic breed like a Husky, is sufficient when combined with their coat. Their medium to large size further aids in heat retention compared to smaller breeds. Crucially, they lack the brachycephalic (short-nosed) anatomy that can lead to respiratory issues in extreme cold, allowing for efficient warming of inhaled air. This combination of traits significantly reduces their risk of hypothermia and enables them to safely and comfortably enjoy outdoor activity in cold climates, even for extended periods. Compared to many other companion dogs, NAVDs generally require less special care during winter months. While no dog should be left exposed to extreme conditions indefinitely without shelter, their natural resilience means they're far less likely to need sweaters or boots, and are generally more enthusiastic about winter walks than many domestic breeds. Adequate shelter, food, and water are always essential, but their inherent adaptations mean they are well-equipped to handle the cold on their own.

The Native American Village Dog (NAVD) would rate a 7 out of 10 for summer tolerance.While not possessing the extreme heat resilience of some desert breeds, the NAVD is a naturally adapted, mesocephalic (medium-nosed) or sometimes slightly dolichocephalic (long-nosed) breed, meaning they do not suffer from the respiratory compromises of brachycephalic dogs. This allows for efficient panting, their primary method of cooling. They typically have a double coat, which while seemingly counterintuitive, can actually provide insulation against both cold and heat if properly maintained, preventing the skin from direct sun exposure. Their evolutionary history in diverse North American climates has likely instilled a degree of adaptability.However, a rating of 7, rather than a perfect 10, acknowledges that they are still canids and susceptible to overheating under extreme conditions. They are active dogs and would still require responsible management during summer months, similar to most other companion dogs, though perhaps with less intensive intervention than a brachycephalic breed or one with a very dense, heavy coat. Prolonged strenuous activity during the hottest parts of the day should be avoided, and access to shade and fresh water is paramount. They may not necessitate climate-controlled environments as strictly as some breeds, but a cool indoor retreat would always be beneficial during peak summer temperatures. They do not typically require special care beyond what is generally recommended for the safety and comfort of most dogs in summer.

I would rate the Native American Village Dog (NAVD) at an 8 for healthiness.This breed is generally considered remarkably robust and resilient, especially when compared to many modern, highly-bred companion dogs. Their health is a direct result of their natural selection over thousands of years; only the healthiest and most adaptable individuals survived and reproduced, weeding out genetic predispositions to common ailments. They have an incredibly diverse gene pool, which significantly reduces the incidence of inherited diseases that plague many purebred dogs. You won't find the breathing difficulties common in brachycephalic breeds, the severe joint problems prevalent in some large breeds, or the widespread skin allergies seen in others. Their life expectancy is typically long, often reaching 12-15 years or more, which is a testament to their inherent vitality.They are definitely not high-maintenance in terms of health. While responsible preventive care like regular vet check-ups, vaccinations, and proper nutrition is always beneficial for any dog, NAVDs typically require less intervention for chronic health issues. They are very much a "naturally healthy" dog, thriving with relatively minimal fuss.

I'd rate the "Protective" trait of the Native American Village Dog (NAVD) breed a 7 out of 10.While not typically an aggressive guard dog in the vein of a Doberman or German Shepherd, the NAVD exhibits strong protective instincts rooted in its ancestral role as a village sentinel. They are highly alert to their surroundings, possessing keen senses that make them excellent watchdogs. Their territorial instincts are moderately strong; they will certainly make their presence known to strangers approaching their "village" (your home) with a deep, resonant bark. This vocalization, combined with their watchful stance, is often enough to deter unwanted visitors. Their loyalty to their owners is profound, and they are quick to perceive any perceived threat to their family. While they may not be the first choice for someone seeking a dog to actively engage a serious intruder, they are certainly capable of offering meaningful protection in a household setting through their warning capabilities and deterrent presence. They are more than just companion dogs; they are vigilant members of the family unit, and while they crave companionship, their historical role means they are naturally inclined to observe and alert, making them effective deterrents and excellent watchdogs.

I would rate the "Life Span" trait of the Native American Village Dog (NAVD) at an 8. This rating reflects that the NAVD is generally considered a long-lived breed compared to many other companion dogs. Their average life expectancy often extends into the mid to late teens, with many individuals living healthy lives for 15 years or more. This exceptional longevity is largely attributed to their diverse genetic background and the rigorous natural selection they've undergone for thousands of years. As a landrace breed, they haven't been subjected to the intense inbreeding often seen in purebred dogs, which can lead to a higher prevalence of genetic health issues that shorten life. Consequently, NAVDs tend to have fewer breed-specific health problems and a robust immune system. While responsible breeding and care, including proper nutrition, exercise, and veterinary attention, undoubtedly play a role in maximizing their lifespan, their inherent genetic resilience is a significant contributing factor to their exceptional longevity.